Events Pre-1600
352 – Election of Pope Liberius following the death of Pope Julius I in the previous month. 884 – Election of Pope Hadrian III following the death of Pope Marinus I earlier that month. 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State, p. 551. Published by Rutgers University Press, 1969. . 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.John Guy, Tudor England (1988) p. 97. 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Florida with 600 men – by 1536 only four survive. 1536 – George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford and four other men are executed for treason. 1536 – Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's marriage is annulled. 1590 – Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland.
1601–1900 1639 – The treaty of Zuhab ends the fifteen-year-long war between the Ottomans and the Safavids. 1642 – Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve founds the Ville Marie de Montréal. 1648 – An allied French and Swedish army defeats Imperial and Bavarian forces in the Battle of Zusmarshausen. 1673 – Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River. 1756 – Seven Years' War formally begins when Great Britain declares war on France. 1760 – French forces besieging Quebec retreat after the Royal Navy arrives to relieve the British garrison. 1792 – The New York Stock Exchange is formed under the Buttonwood Agreement. 1805 – Muhammad Ali becomes Wāli of Egypt. 1809 – Emperor Napoleon I orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire. 1814 – Occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian. 1814 – The Constitution of Norway is signed and Crown Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly. 1859 – Members of the Melbourne Football Club codify the first rules of Australian rules football. 1863 – Rosalía de Castro publishes Cantares Gallegos, the first book in the Galician language. 1863 – American Civil War: During the Vicksburg campaign, Union forces under John A. McClernand defeat a Confederate rearguard and capture around 1,700 men at the Battle of Big Black River Bridge. 1865 – The International Telegraph Union (later the International Telecommunication Union) is established in Paris. 1875 – Aristides wins the first Kentucky Derby with the jockey Oliver Lewis (2:37.75). 1900 – The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum, is first published in the United States. The first copy is given to the author's sister.
1901–present 1902 – Greek archaeologist Valerios Stais discovers the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient mechanical analog computer. 1914 – The Protocol of Corfu is signed, recognising full autonomy to Northern Epirus under nominal Albanian sovereignty. 1915 – The last British Liberal Party government (led by H. H. Asquith) falls. 1933 – Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form Nasjonal Samling — the national-socialist party of Norway. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: The Largo Caballero government resigns in the wake of the Barcelona May Days, leading Juan Negrín to form a government, without the anarcho-syndicalist CNT, in its stead. 1939 – The Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers play in the United States' first televised sporting event, a collegiate baseball game in New York City. 1940 – World War II: Germany occupies Brussels, Belgium. 1943 – World War II: Dambuster Raids commence by No. 617 Squadron RAF. 1953 – Delta Air Lines Flight 318 crashes near Marshall, Texas, killing 19. 1954 – The United States Supreme Court hands down a unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, outlawing racial segregation in public schools. 1959 – In Cuba, the First Agrarian Reform Law – a cornerstone of the Cuban Revolution – is signed by Fidel Castro, aiming to eliminate large foreign-owned estates and redistribute land to over 100,000 peasants. 1967 – Six-Day War: President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt demands dismantling of the peace-keeping UN Emergency Force in Egypt. 1969 – Venera program: Soviet Venera 6 begins its descent into the atmosphere of Venus, sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure. 1973 – Watergate scandal: Televised hearings begin in the United States Senate. 1974 – The Troubles: Thirty-three civilians are killed and 300 injured when the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) detonates four car bombs in Dublin and Monaghan, Ireland. 1974 – Police in Los Angeles raid the Symbionese Liberation Army's headquarters, killing six members, including Camilla Hall. 1977 – Nolan Bushnell opens the first Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre (later renamed Chuck E. Cheese) in San Jose, California. 1980 – General Chun Doo-hwan of South Korea seizes control of the government and declares martial law in order to suppress student demonstrations. 1980 – On the eve of presidential elections, Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path attacks a polling location in Chuschi (a town in Ayacucho), starting the Internal conflict in Peru. 1980 – Rioting breaks out in downtown Miami, following the acquittal of four white police officers in the killing of Arthur McDuffie, a black insurance salesman. 1983 – The U.S. Department of Energy declassifies documents showing world's largest mercury pollution event in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (ultimately found to be ), in response to the Appalachian Observer'''s Freedom of Information Act request. 1983 – Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon. 1984 – Prince Charles calls a proposed addition to the National Gallery, London, a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend", sparking controversies on the proper role of the Royal Family and the course of modern architecture. 1987 – Iran–Iraq War: An Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1 fighter jet fires two missiles into the U.S. Navy warship , killing 37 and injuring 21 of her crew. 1990 – The General Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) eliminates homosexuality from the list of psychiatric diseases. 1992 – Three days of popular protests against the government of Prime Minister of Thailand Suchinda Kraprayoon begin in Bangkok, leading to a military crackdown that results in 52 officially confirmed deaths, hundreds of injuries, many disappearances, and more than 3,500 arrests. 1994 – Malawi holds its first multi-party elections. 1995 – Shawn Nelson steals an M60 tank from the California Army National Guard Armory in San Diego and proceeds to go on a rampage. 1997 – Troops of Laurent-Désiré Kabila march into Kinshasa. Zaire is officially renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2000 – Arsenal and Galatasaray fans clash in the 2000 UEFA Cup Final riots in Copenhagen. 2004 – The first legal same-sex marriages in the U.S. are performed in the state of Massachusetts. 2006 – The aircraft carrier is sunk in the Gulf of Mexico as an artificial reef. 2007 – Trains from North and South Korea cross the 38th Parallel in a test-run agreed by both governments. This is the first time that trains have crossed the Demilitarized Zone since 1953. 2010 – Pamir Airways Flight 112 crashes in Afghanistan's Shakardara District, killing 44. 2014 – A military plane crash in northern Laos kills 17 people.
Births
Pre-1600 1155 – Jien, Japanese monk, poet, and historian (died 1225) 1443 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland (died 1460) 1451 – Engelbert II of Nassau, Count of Nassau-Vianden and Lord of Breda (1475–1504) (died 1504) 1490 – Albert, Duke of Prussia, last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (died 1568) 1500 – Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (died 1540) 1551 – Martin Delrio, Belgian occultist and theologian (died 1601) 1568 – Anna Vasa of Sweden, Swedish princess (died 1625)
1601–1900 1610 – Stefano della Bella, Italian engraver and etcher (died 1664)Massar, Phyllis Dearborn (1996). "Bella, Stefano della", vol. 3, pp. 631–634, in The Dictionary of Art (34 vols.), edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove. . Also at Oxford Art Online, subscription required (accessed 22 November 2010) 1628 – Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (died 1662) 1636 – Edward Colman, English Catholic courtier under Charles II (died 1678) 1682 – Bartholomew Roberts, Welsh pirate (died 1722) 1698 – Gio Nicola Buhagiar, Maltese painter (died 1752) 1706 – Andreas Felix von Oefele, German historian and librarian (died 1780) 1718 – Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, English politician and diplomat, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (died 1778) 1732 – Francesco Pasquale Ricci, Italian violinist and composer (died 1817) 1743 – Seth Warner, American colonel (died 1784) 1749 – Edward Jenner, English physician and microbiologist (died 1823) 1758 – Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet, English politician (died 1839) 1768 – Caroline of Brunswick, Queen Consort of the United Kingdom and Hanover (died 1821) 1768 – Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (died 1854) 1794 – Anna Brownell Jameson, Irish-English author (died 1860) 1818 – Ezra Otis Kendall, American professor, astronomer and mathematician (died 1899) 1821 – Sebastian Kneipp, German priest and therapist (died 1897) 1835 – Thomas McIlwraith, Scottish-Australian politician, 8th Premier of Queensland (died 1900) 1836 – Virginie Loveling, Belgian author and poet (died 1923) 1845 – Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan priest and poet (died 1902) 1860 – Martin Kukučín, Slovak author and playwright (died 1928) 1860 – Charlotte Barnum, American mathematician and social activist (died 1934) 1863 – Léon Gérin, Canadian lawyer, sociologist, and civil servant (died 1951) 1864 – Louis Richardet, Swiss target shooter (died 1923) 1864 – Ante Trumbić, Croatian lawyer and politician, 27th Mayor of Split (died 1938) 1866 – Erik Satie, French pianist and composer (died 1925) 1868 – Horace Elgin Dodge, American businessman, co-founded Dodge (died 1920) 1868 – Panagis Tsaldaris, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (died 1936) 1870 – Newton Moore, Australian politician, 8th Premier of Western Australia (died 1936) 1873 – Henri Barbusse, French author and journalist (died 1935) 1873 – Dorothy Richardson, English author and journalist (died 1957) 1874 – George Sheldon, American diver (died 1907) 1882 – Karl Burman, Estonian architect and painter (died 1965) 1886 – Alfonso XIII, Spanish monarch (died 1941) 1888 – Tich Freeman, English cricketer (died 1965) 1889 – Dorothy Gibson, American actress and singer (died 1946) 1889 – Alfonso Reyes, Mexican author (died 1959) 1891 – Napoleon Zervas, Greek general and politician (died 1957) 1893 – Frederick McKinley Jones, American inventor and entrepreneur (died 1961) 1895 – Saul Adler, Belarusian-English captain and parasitologist (died 1966) 1895 – Reinhold Saulmann, Estonian sprinter and bandy player (died 1936) 1897 – Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1981) 1898 – A. J. Casson, Canadian painter (died 1992) 1899 – Carmen de Icaza, Spanish writer (died 1979)
1901–present 1901 – Werner Egk, German pianist and composer (died 1983) 1903 – Cool Papa Bell, American baseball player and manager (died 1991) 1904 – Marie-Anne Desmarest, French author (died 1973) 1906 – Zinka Milanov, Croatian-American soprano and educator (died 1989) 1909 – Julius Sumner Miller, American physicist and academic (died 1987) 1911 – Lisa Fonssagrives, Swedish-American model (died 1992) 1911 – Maureen O'Sullivan, Irish-American actress (died 1998) 1912 – Archibald Cox, American lawyer and politician, 31st United States Solicitor General (died 2004) 1912 – Mary Beatrice Davidson Kenner, American inventor (died 2006) 1913 – Hans Ruesch, Swiss racing driver and author (died 2007) 1914 – Robert N. Thompson, American-Canadian chiropractor and politician (died 1997) 1918 – Joan Benham, English actress (died 1981) 1918 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish operatic soprano (died 2005)