This is a list of notable events in the development of Jewish history. All dates are given according to the Common Era, not the Hebrew calendar.

Ancient Israel and Judah (2000–586 BCE)

Year History Image 2000-1800 The start of the Age of Patriarchs with Abraham, and the origin for the Abrahamic Religions, mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, Christian Bible and the Quran respectively 1900 The Second patriarch Isaac, the long-awaited son of Abraham and Sarah, was nearly sacrificed by his father in a test of faith 1800-1700 The Third Patriarch Jacob, after deceiving his brother Esau for the birthright, fled, married Leah and Rachel, fathered the twelve tribes of Israel, and was renamed Israel by God 1700-1600 In the Book of Genesis. Joseph, the eleventh son of Jacob, was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers, rose to power in Egypt through his wisdom and God's favor, and ultimately forgave and saved his family during a severe famine.Between 15th Century and 13th Century BCE The enslavement of the Jews in Egypt when a new Pharaoh feared their growing population, leading to their oppression and forced labor 1446-1312-1290? Moses led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt, leading them on a journey that followed 40 years of wandering in the desert. they crossed through the Red Sea, Received the Torah, including the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai and ultimately made their way toward the Promised Land during the Exodus. 1380-1045? Biblical judges lead the jewish people. Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Deborah, Gideon, Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Ibzan, Elon, Abdon, and Samson. 1021-1000 The reign of King Saul, the first monarch of the ancient Kingdom of Israel. 1000-970 Reign of King David over ancient Kingdom of Israel, he established Jerusalem as the political and spiritual capital 970-931 Reign of King Solomon over the ancient Kingdom of Israel. After his death, the kingdom was divided into the Northern Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom of Judah 960 Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem completed 931 Split between Northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and the Southern Kingdom of Judah 931-913 Reign of King Rehoboam of Judah, the first monarch of the Kingdom of Judah 931-910 Reign of King Jeroboam of Israel, the first monarch of the Kingdom of Israel after the split 840 The Mesha Inscription, also known as the Moabite Stone, tells the victory of King Mesha of Moab over the son of King Omri of Israel 740-700 The Prophecy of Isaiah, which was recorded in the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament Bible. 740-698 The Prophecy of Micah, which was recorded in the Book of Micah in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament Bible. 740-722 The Kingdom of Israel falls to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, The fall of Israel resulted in the deportation of many Israelites, often referred to as the "Lost Ten Tribes", This marked the end of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, leaving only the Southern Kingdom of Judah. 715-687 King Hezekiah of Judah, Thirteenth King of Judah 649-609 King Josiah of Judah instituted major reforms, destroyed pagan altars and shrines, and renewed the covenant between G-d and the people of Judah reinforcing monotheism and the exclusive worship of Yahweh. 629-587 Prophecy of Jeremiah, He prophesied during a tumultuous time that preceded the fall of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile. 600 The Ketef Hinnom scrolls or Amulets, are recognized as the oldest known surviving texts from the Hebrew Bible. 597 The first deportation of the Judean Israelites to Babylon, when King Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem and exiled King Jehoiachin, along with a significant portion of the population. 597–586 The Neo-Babylonian Empire under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar II occupied the Kingdom of Judah 586 Jerusalem falls to King Nebuchadnezzar II leading to the destruction of Solomon's Temple.

Second Temple period

539–1 BCE Year History Image 539 Jews were allowed to Return to Zion, with Cyrus II of the Achaemenid Empire's permission. 520 The Prophecy of Zechariah 520 Zerubbabel guides the initial group of Jews returning from captivity to Jerusalem 516 The Second Temple in Jerusalem is consecrated, symbolizing the restoration of Jewish worship after the Babylonian exile. 475 As recounted in the Book of Esther. Often associated with Xerxes I of Persia, Queen Esther disclosed her identity to the king and began to advocate for her people, identifying Haman as the conspirator scheming to annihilate them. 460 Ezra's Mission, recounted in the Book of Ezra. With anarchy brewing in Judea, Xerxes' successor Persian King Artaxerxes sent Ezra to restore order. 332 Alexander the Great the King of Macedonia, one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Macedonia to Egypt and Greece to northwestern India conquers Phoenicia and the Levant 332? Alexander visited Judea to meet High Priest Jaddus, who showed him the prophecy of Alexander's life and conquests from the Book of Daniel. This account is regarded as apocryphal and likely created in the early Hasmonean period 150-100 At some point during this period, the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) was finalized and canonized. Jewish religious texts written after Ezra's time were not included in the canon, though they gained popularity among various Jewish groups. Later works incorporated into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) came to be known as the deuterocanonical books. 140-63 The Hasmonean dynasty rules Judea. The Hasmonean kingdom expands outward to Idumea, Samaria, Perea, Galilee, and Gilead due to weakness and dissolution within the Seleucid Empire. 63 Pompey laid siege to and entered the Temple, and Judea became a client kingdom of the Roman Republic. 40 Herod the Great was appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate, replacing the Hasmonean dynasty with the Herodian dynasty. 6-4 Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem, Herodian Kingdom.

1st century CE

Year History Image 6 Province of Roman Judea created by merging Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea. 6 Hillel the Elder, considered the greatest Torah sage, dies, leading to the dominance of Shammai till 30 CE, see also Hillel and Shammai. 26-36 Sanhedrin trial of Jesus took place before Pontius Pilate, the Governor of the Roman province of Judaea's Roman trial of Jesus. Following this Roman trial, Jesus was crucified, marking a pivotal moment in history. This event laid the foundation for Christianity, as the Apostles began to spread the Gospel message to various communities including the Jewish ones. 30 Helena of Adiabene and many members of the Adiabene population convert to Judaism. 30-70 Schism within Judaism during the Second Temple period. A sect within Hellenised Jewish society starts Jewish Christianity, see also Rejection of Jesus. 66-135 Start of the Jewish–Roman wars which resulted in a Roman victory, and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, During the siege, approximately 1,100,000 people were killed, and 97,000 were captured and enslaved. This conflict also contributed to the separation of Christianity from Judaism, following this defeat, Roman Judea remained under Roman control, renamed and merged into the province of Syria Palaestina. The Sanhedrin was relocated to Yavne by Yochanan ben Zakai, see also Council of Jamnia. Fiscus Judaicus levied on all Jews of the Roman Empire whether they aided the revolt or not. (War ended 135 CE)

70-200 Period of the Tannaim, rabbis who organized and elucidated the Oral Torah. The decisions of the Tannaim are contained in the Mishnah, Beraita, Tosefta, and various Midrash compilations.Torah (Shamash.org) 73 Final events of the First Jewish–Roman War – the fall of Masada. Christianity starts off as a Jewish sect and then develops its own texts and ideology and branches off from Judaism to become a distinct religion.

Talmudic period (70–640 CE)

2nd century 115–117 Kitos War (Revolt against Trajan) – a second Jewish-Roman War initiated in large Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene (modern Libya), Aegipta (modern Egypt) and Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq). It led to mutual killing of hundreds of thousands Jews, Greeks and Romans, ending with a total defeat of Jewish rebels and complete extermination of Jews in Cyprus and Cyrene by the newly installed Emperor Hadrian.

131–136 The Roman emperor Hadrian, among other provocations, renames Jerusalem "Aelia Capitolina" and prohibits circumcision. Simon bar Kokhba (Bar Kosiba) leads a large Jewish revolt against Rome in response to Hadrian's actions. In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian renames the province of Judea to Syria Palaestina, and attempts to root out Judaism.

136 Rabbi Akiva is martyred.

138 Emperor Hadrian dies and, as a result, the persecution of Jews in Rome is lessened.

3rd century 200 The Mishnah, the standardization of the Jewish oral law as it stands today, is redacted by Judah haNasi in the land of Israel.

259 Nehardea in Babylonia destroyed by the Palmyrenes, which destruction caused the widespread dispersion of Jews in the region.The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon (ed. Nosson Dovid Rabinowich), Jerusalem 1988, p. 98

220–500 Period of the Amoraim, the rabbis of the Talmud.

4th century 315–337 Roman Emperor Constantine I enacts new restrictive legislation. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed, congregations for religious services are curtailed, but Jews are also allowed to enter Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.

351–352 Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus is put down. Sepphoris is razed to the ground.

358 Because of the increasing danger of Roman persecution, Hillel II creates a mathematical calendar for calculating the Jewish month. After adopting the calendar, the Sanhedrin in Tiberias is dissolved.

361–363 The last pagan Roman Emperor, Julian, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Second Temple. Shortly after, the Emperor is assassinated, and the plan is dissolved.

363 Galilee earthquake of 363

379 In India, the Hindu king Sira Primal, also known as Iru Brahman, issued what was engraved on a tablet of brass, his permission to Jews to live freely, build synagogue, own property without conditions attached and as long as the world and moon exist.

5th century 438 The Empress Eudocia removes the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site and the heads of the Community in Galilee issue a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!

450 Redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud

6th century 500–523 Yosef Dhu Nuwas, King of Himyarite Kingdom (Modern Yemen) converting to Judaism, upgrading existing Yemenese Jewish center. His kingdom falls in a war against Axum and the Christians.

550 The main redaction of Babylonian Talmud is completed under Rabbis Ravina and Ashi. To a lesser degree, the text continues to be modified for the next 200 years.

550–700 Period of the Savoraim, the sages in Persia who put the Talmud in its final form.

555–572 The Fourth Samaritan Revolt against Byzantium results in great reduction of the Samaritan community, their Israelite faith is outlawed. Neighbouring Jews, who mostly reside in Galilee, are also affected by the oppressive rule of the Byzantines.

7th century 610–628 Jews of Galilee led by Benjamin of Tiberias gain autonomy in Jerusalem after revolting against Heraclius as a joint military campaign with ally Sassanid Empire under Khosrau II and Jewish militias from Persia, but are subsequently massacred.

612 Sisebut, king of the Visigoths, forces his Jewish subjects to convert to Christianity.

7th century The rise and domination of Islam among largely pagan Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula results in the almost complete removal and conversion of the ancient Jewish communities there, and sack of Levant from the hands of Byzantines.

Middle Ages

8th century