Ẓāʾ

, or (), is the seventeenth letter of the Arabic alphabet, one of the six letters not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In name and shape, it is a variant of . Its numerical value is 900 (see Abjad numerals). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪜‎‎, and South Arabian .

does not change its shape depending on its position in the word:

Frequency is the rarest phoneme of the Arabic language. Out of 2,967 triliteral roots listed by Hans Wehr in his 1952 dictionary, only 42 (1.4%) contain . is the least mentioned letter in the Quran, only being mentioned 853 times in the Quran.

In relation to other Semitic languages

In some reconstructions of Proto-Semitic phonology, there is an emphatic interdental fricative, / ( or ), featuring as the direct ancestor of Arabic , while it merged with in most other Semitic languages, although the South Arabian alphabet retained a symbol for .

Pronunciation

In Classical Arabic, it represents a velarized voiced dental fricative , and in Modern Standard Arabic, it represents an pharyngealized voiced dental but can also be a alveolar fricative for some speakers.

In most Arabic vernaculars and merged quite early. The outcome depends on the dialect. In those varieties (such as Egyptian and Levantine), where the dental fricatives and are merged with the dental stops and , is pronounced or depending on the word; e.g. is pronounced but is pronounced , In loanwords from Classical Arabic is often , e.g. Egyptian (< Classical ) "great".

In the varieties (such as Bedouin, Tunisian, and Iraqi), where the dental fricatives are preserved, both and are pronounced . However, there are dialects in South Arabia and in Mauritania where both the letters are kept different but not consistently.

A "de-emphaticized" pronunciation of both letters in the form of the plain entered into other non-Arabic languages such as Persian, Urdu, Turkish. However, there do exist Arabic borrowings into Ibero-Romance languages as well as Hausa and Malay, where and are differentiated.

In English, the sound is sometimes represented by the digraph zh.

Languages / CountriesPronunciation of the letters Modern South Arabian languages (Mehri, Shehri, Harsusi)Standard Arabic (full distinction) or Most of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Tunisia. Partial in: Libya, Jordan, Syria, and PalestineMost of Algeria, and Morocco. Partial in: Libya, Tunisia and YemenMost of Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. Partial in: Jordan, and Saudi Arabia, *Mauritania, Partial in: Morocco, * Notes:

In Mauritania (Hassaniya Arabic), is mostly pronounced as in ('to laugh'), from , but generally appears in the lexemes borrowed from Standard Arabic as in ('weak'), from * .Catherine Taine-Cheikh. 2020. Ḥassāniyya Arabic. In Christopher Lucas & Stefano Manfredi (eds.), Arabic and contact-induced change, 245–263. Berlin: Language Sci- ence Press. In Egypt, Lebanon, etc, is mostly pronounced in inherited words as in ('darkness'), from ; ('bone'), from , but pronounced in borrowings from Literary Arabic as in ('injustice'); from . In some accents in Egypt, the emphatic is pronounced as a plain . Semitic emphatic sibilant consonantsProto-SemiticOld SouthArabianOld NorthArabianModern SouthArabian 1StandardArabicAramaicModernHebrewGe'ezPhoenician Akkadianṣ 𐪎, rarely ṣ ṣ ṣ ṣṯ̣ 𐪜, later *ṱ, ṣ,later ṭṣ́ 𐪓, later *ṣ́, q/ḳ,later ʿ ṣ́Notes ṯ , ḏ and ṯ̣ merge with , , and in Soqotri

Character encodings

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