Demographic features of the population of Hungary include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.
Population
Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980. The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200,000 Slavs and 400,000 Hungarians, while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120,000 and 600,000, with a number of estimates in the 400–600,000 range.Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150 Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25,000 Magyar warriors used in the attack, while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.
According to demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács. However, the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to centuries long Ottoman and Habsburg wars, the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
Population over time Population of Hungary over time with estimated percentages of ethnic Hungarians within HungaryDateEstimated PopulationEstimated Percentages of Hungarian people, with and without Inclusion of the Kingdom of CroatiaNotes 900 AD 250,000–350,000 500,000–600,000 600,000 1,000,000–1,500,00066%Size of the country was about 330 thousand square km, with a density of 3–4.5 or 0.56–1.06 persons per square km10001,000,000–1,500,000Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 6581060500,000–550,000A density of 1.51–1.67 persons per square km.11002,000,000Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 5811812,600,00012001,000,000–1,100,000A density of 3.03–3.33 persons per square km (330 thousand square km). 12222,000,000Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000–c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63–7270–80%Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. CMThe time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion.12421,020,000–1,220,000 1,200,000Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary (estimates of population loss range from 20% to 50%).Peter Purton, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell & Brewer, 2009, p. 1513001,400,000–1,600,000 2,000,000Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170 3,000,00013485,000,000Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100 3,000,000György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings).1370 2,000,00060–70% (including Croatia)14003,000,000–3,500,000Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88 3,000,00014905,000,000Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143 4,500,000–5,000,000Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995 4,000,000–4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000–4,000,000 3,400,000Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 5990%George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405 80–85%The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25 80%Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4 László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39 77%Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381–383 75–80%Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79 Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258 Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79 The last nationwide registry in Kingdom of Hungary before the Ottoman period was carried out in 1494–1495 on the commission of the royal treasury. Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).16004,000,000–4,500,000 3,500,000Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary combined.16994,000,000István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6. , Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews) 3,500,000–4,000,000Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683–1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21 3,500,000Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 10050–55%The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 50%At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).17114,000,000Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450–1914, Volume 49, Issues 1–2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331 2,500,00053% 45%At the end of the Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.17204,000,000–4,500,000Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13 4,000,000Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20–22Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93 3,500,000Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191 2,600,000–4,000,000David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 13055% 45% 44%M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19 40% 35%1785-878,000,0005% urban subjects.IIván T. Berend History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century17909,000,000Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor_Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11–143. 8,500,000 8,100,000–8,200,00040%Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230 39%József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896–1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896–1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 – VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2–3, p. 145–165 35%Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4 End of the organized resettlement (around 800 new German villages had been established between 1711 and 1780).Thomas Spira, German-Hungarian relations and the Swabian problem: from Károlyi to Gömbös, 1919–1936, East European quarterly, 1977, p. 2182811,495,536183037% (44 percent in central Hungary)183744% 37% (with Kingdom of Croatia)Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, 184612,033,39940–45% 41.6%Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286 36.5–40% (with Kingdom of Croatia)Two years before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.185011,600,00041.4%A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179185713,830,87044.5%186913,508,00045.2%Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945188013,749,60346% (with the Kingdom of Croatia)190016,838,25551.4%Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356 191018,264,53354.4% 48.1% (with Kingdom of Croatia)Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A–K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306 5% Jews (estimated according to their religion). Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.
Demographics of Kingdom of Hungary, (1910 Census)
Demographic changes in pre-Trianon Hungary (1867–1914) Population and ethnic composition (1869–1910) + Census data for the Kingdom of Hungary (including Croatia–Slavonia) Year Total Population(Hungary + Croatia–Slavonia) Hungary Proper(excl. Croatia–Slavonia) Croatia–Slavonia Hungarians(absolute/%) Romanians(absolute/%) Slovaks(absolute/%) Germans(absolute/%) Croats/Serbs(absolute/%) Other ethnicities 1869 ~15.4 million ~13.6 million ~1.8 million ~6.9 million (45%) ~2.6 million (17%) ~2.0 million (13%) ~1.5 million (10%) ~1.4 million (9%) ~1.0 million (6%) 1880 ~16.8 million ~14.8 million ~2.0 million ~7.6 million (45%) ~2.7 million (16%) ~2.0 million (12%) ~1.8 million (11%) ~1.7 million (10%) ~1.0 million (6%) 1890 ~17.3 million ~15.1 million ~2.2 million ~7.8 million (44.8%) ~2.9 million (16.6%) ~2.2 million (12.5%) ~1.8 million (10.4%) ~1.8 million (10.2%) ~0.8 million (5.5%) 1900 ~19.0 million ~16.8 million ~2.2 million ~8.7 million (45.8%) ~3.0 million (15.8%) ~2.3 million (12.1%) ~2.0 million (10.5%) ~2.0 million (10.5%) ~1.0 million (5.3%) 1910 ~20.9 million ~18.3 million ~2.6 million ~10.0 million (54.5%) ~3.3 million (16.1%) ~2.0 million (10.7%) ~1.9 million (10.4%) ~1.5 million (8.3%) ~1.2 million (6.0%)
LandMother tongues (1910 census) Kingdom of HungaryHungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%) Kingdom of Croatia-SlavoniaCroatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)