Georg Henrik von Wright (; 14 June 1916 – 16 June 2003) was a Finnish philosopher. He is particularly known for his work in philosophical logic, especially deontic logic, his work on Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy, and his work on moral pessimism, especially regarding the Myth of Progress.
Early life and education Georg Henrik von Wright was born in Helsinki, Finland on 14 June 1916 to Tor von Wright, a managing director, and his wife Ragni Elisabeth Alfthan. Von Wright was of both Finnish and 17th-century Scottish ancestry; the Scottish von Wright family had been raised to the Finnish nobility in 1772.An explanation of the von Wright name is given in "Georg Henrik von Wright: Intellectual Autobiography" (in: Schilpp, 1989): "Around the year 1650, the earliest known members of my family had to leave Scotland because, it is said, they had sided with King Charles against Cromwell. They settled in Narva in Estonia, which was then a province under Swedish rule. Georg(e) Wright there begat Henrik Wright, who fought in the armies of Charles XII and after a long and eventful life died in his home in Finland, another part of the old Swedish realm. Henrik Wright's son Georg Henrik was, together with his three other sons, raised to noble rank after the royal coup d'etat of 1772. This was how the odd combination of 'von' and 'Wright' originated."Finlands ridderskaps och adels kalender 1992, p. 670, 672. Esbo 1991. He was an undergraduate at the University of Helsinki from 1934 to 1937, majoring in philosophy, history and political science while minoring in mathematics. His philosophy advisor was Eino Kaila, an affiliate of the Vienna Circle who introduced von Wright to logical empiricism. He was also particularly inspired by the lectures of Rolf Nevanlinna on probability and relativity.
As von Wright recounts, he visited Vienna in 1937 and met with Gödel and Viktor Kraft, but the Vienna Circle was already 'rapidly dispersing' by then and the Anschluss of 1938 put an end to his 'dreams' of studying there. Instead, it being customary for a Finnish postgraduate to spend some time at a foreign university, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge to work on his PhD thesis in March of 1939. There, he worked with C. D. Broad and R. B. Braithwaite and met G. E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
He returned to Helsinki in the summer of 1939 and began working as a propagandist for Finland's World War II home front and then a military ballistics scientist. In 1941, he married Maria Elisabeth von Troil and completed his doctoral dissertation, titled The Logical Problem of Induction.
Career Von Wright became a lecturer at the University of Helsinki in 1943 and a chaired professor in 1946. He became known to the international philosophical community in the early 1940s via commentaries on his writings on the logic of induction by C. D. Broad in the journal Mind.
He returned to Cambridge in 1947 to lecture and attended Wittgenstein's lectures on psychology. Wittgenstein reportedly said von Wright was, as Risto Vilkko puts it, "the only one of his students who he had not spoiled with his education, the only one who did not attempt to imitate his way of thinking or his mode of expression." After Wittgenstein retired as professor at Cambridge in 1947, von Wright succeeded him in 1948, remaining until after Wittgenstein's death in 1951 and then returning to Helsinki. He was one of three scholars left Wittgenstein's literary estate, together with G. E. M. Anscombe and Rush Rhees. In 1951 he published A Treatise on Induction and Probability, which he regarded as the end of the phase of his philosophical career begun under Kaila's supervision in the 1930s.
Upon returning he began focusing on the development of deontic logic, writing the seminal essay "Deontic Logic" for Mind in 1951, and then moved on to the general philosophy of norms. He gave the Gifford Lectures in 1959 and used that material to write his books The Varieties of Goodness (1963) and Norm and Action (1963).
In the 1960s, he turned his attention to the logic of time and to organizational leadership roles. By the end of the 1960s, von Wright had begun to take an interest in political questions, having opposed the heavy bombing ordered by Lyndon B. Johnson during the Vietnam War in his "The War Against Vietnam" (1967). He became a member of the Academy of Finland in 1961 and its chairman from 1968 to 1970, remaining until 1986. He served as president of the Philosophical Society of Finland 1962–1973, president of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science 1963–1965, and the Institut Internationale de Philosophie 1975–1977.
Traveling from Helsinki, he was a visiting professor at Cornell University in 1954 and a visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles 1964 and then a repeated visitor (the Andrew D. White professor-at-large) at Cornell 1965–1977. In 1973, interested in developing a Marxist humanism, he attended the Praxis School-organised Korčula Summer School in Yugoslavia. From 1968 to 1977, he was the chancellor of Åbo Akademi. He was the first Leibniz visiting professor to Leipzig University, for the academic year 1994–1995.
He published in English, Finnish, German, and Swedish, belonging to the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland. His career also included editorial work; he was editor-in-chief of Studentbladet in 1939, an editor for Finsk Tidskrift from 1941 to 1946, and an editor for Nya Argus from 1947 to 1960.
Death Von Wright died at his home in Helsinki on 16 June 2003. His library and papers were donated to the University of Helsinki and have become available to researchers via the National Library of Finland.
Work Von Wright's writings come under two broad categories. The first is analytic philosophy and philosophical logic in the Anglo-American vein. His 1951 texts An Essay in Modal Logic and "Deontic Logic" were landmarks in the postwar rise of formal modal logic and deontic logic. He was an authority on Wittgenstein, editing his later works and assembling the collection Culture and Value. He was the leading figure in the Finnish philosophy of his time, specialising in philosophical logic, philosophical analysis, philosophy of action, philosophy of language, and epistemology.
The other vein in von Wright's writings is moralist and pessimist. During the last twenty years of his life, under the influence of Oswald Spengler, Jürgen Habermas and the Frankfurt School's reflections about modern rationality, he wrote prolifically. His article "The Myth of Progress" (1993) questions whether our apparent material and technological progress can really be considered "progress" (see Myth of Progress).
Awards Von Wright was elected to an honorary fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1983. In the last year of his life, he was awarded several honorary degrees, including one by the University of Bergen. He also received honorary doctorates from the University of Helsinki, the University of Innsbruck, the University of Buenos Aires, Stockholm University, the University of Turku, the University of Liverpool, St. Olaf College, and Lund University.
He was awarded the Swedish Academy Finland Prize in 1968. Other awards included the Wihuri International Prize in 1976 and the Swedish Cultural Foundation's Culture Prize in 1982. He received the Humboldt Research Award and the Academy of Sweden's gold medal in 1986. He won the Selma Lagerlöf Prize in 1993, the Tage Danielsson award in 1998, and the Critical European Prize in 2002.
Publications The Logical Problem of Induction, PhD thesis, 31 May 1941Wright, Georg Henrik von. The logical problem of induction. Acta philosophica fennica, vol. 3. Societas Philosophica, Helsinki (Helsingfors) 1941. [second revised edition, 1957] Den logiska empirismen (Logical Empiricism), in Swedish, 1945. A Finnish translation by Hilppa Kinos, ''Looginen empirismi'', was also published in 1945. Über Wahrscheinlichkeit. Eine logische und philosophische Untersuchung (On Chance), in German, 1945 An Essay in Modal Logic, (Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: Volume V), L.E.J. Brouwer, E.W. Beth, and A. Heyting (eds.), Amsterdam: North-Holland,1951 A Treatise on Induction and Probability, 1951 "Deontic Logic" Mind, 60: 1–15, 1951 Tanke och förkunnelse (Thought and Preaching), in Swedish, 1955. Translated into Finnish by Jussi Aro as ''Ajatus ja julistus'' in 1961 Logical Studies, 1957. Logik, filosofi och språk (Logic, philosophy and language), in Swedish, 1957. Translated into Finnish by Jaakko Hintikka and Tauno Nyberg as ''Logiikka, filosofia ja kieli'' in 1958 The Varieties of Goodness, 1963. (revised version of the second half of his 1959–60 Gifford Lectures, given at the University of St. Andrews) Norm and Action, 1963 (revised version of the first half of his Gifford lectures at St. Andrews). The Logic of Preference, 1963 Essay om naturen, människan och den vetenskaplig-tekniska revolutionen (Essay on Nature, Man and the Scientific-Technological Revolution), in Swedish, 1963 An Essay in Deontic Logic, 1968. Published with a bibliography of deontic and imperative logic Time, Change and Contradiction, (The Twenty-Second Arthur Stanley Eddington Memorial Lecture Delivered at Cambridge University 1 November 1968) Cambridge University Press. 1969 Tieteen filosofian kaksi perinnettä (The Two Traditions of the Philosophy of Science), in Finnish, 1970 Explanation and Understanding, 1971 Causality and Determinism, 1974. (The 1972 Woodbridge Lectures delivered at Columbia University) Handlung, Norm und Intention (Action, Norm and Intention), in German, 1977 Humanismen som livshållning (Humanism as an approach to Life), in Swedish, 1978. Translated into Finnish by Kai Kaila as ''Humanismi elämänasenteena'' in 1981 Freedom and Determination, 1980 Wittgenstein, 1982 Philosophical Papers I–III, 1983–1984 v. I Practical Reason, v. II Philosophical Logic, v. III Truth, Knowledge, and Modality Of Human Freedom, 1985. (1984 Tanner Lectures at the University of Helsinki) Filosofisia tutkielmia (Philosophical Dissertations), in Finnish, 1985 Vetenskapen och förnuftet (Science and Reason), in Swedish, 1986 Minervan pöllö (The Owl of Minerva), in Finnish, 1991 Myten om framsteget (The Myth of Progress), in Swedish, 1993 The Tree of Knowledge and Other Essays, Leiden, Brill. , 1993 Att förstå sin samtid (To Understand one's own Time), in Swedish, 1994 Six Essays in Philosophical Logic. Acta Philosophica Fennica, Vol. 60, 1996 Viimeisistä ajoista: Ajatusleikki (On the End Times: A Thought Experiment.), in Finnish, 1997 Logiikka ja humanismi (Logic and Humanism), in Finnish, 1998 In the Shadow of Descartes: Essays in the Philosophy of Mind, Dordrech, Kluwer, 1998 Mitt liv som jag minns det (My Life as I Remember it), in Swedish, 2001
Von Wright edited posthumous publications by Wittgenstein, which were published by Blackwell (unless otherwise stated): 1961. Notebooks 1914-1916. 1967. Zettel (Translated into English by G. E. M. Anscombe as Zettel). 1969. On Certainty. 1969. Briefe an Ludwig von Ficker. Salzburg: Otto Müller Verlag. Co-edited with Walter Methlagl 1971. ProtoTractatus—An Early Version of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Cornell University Press; co-edited with B. F. McGuinness and T. Nyberg, with a historical introduction by von Wright. 1973. Letters to C. K. Ogden with Comments on the English Translation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. 1974. Letters to Russell, Keynes and Moore. 1977. Muistikirja 1914–1916. Finnish translation of Notebooks 1914–1916, co-published with G. E. M. Anscombe and translated by Heikki Nyman 1978 (1956). Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (German: Bemerkungen über die Grundlagen der Mathematik); co-edited with Rush Rhees and G. E. M. Anscombe. 1978. Zettel. Filosofisia katkelmia. Finnish translation of Zettel, co-published with G. E. M. Anscombe and translated by Heikki Nyman