The 1914 United States Senate elections were held on November 3, 1914. These were the first regularly scheduled elections held following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913, which required that all seats up for election be popularly elected, rather than chosen by their state legislatures. Thus, it was the first time that elections were generally scheduled on Election Day to coincide with the U.S. House elections. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections in 1914. Special elections were also held to fill vacancies. These elections occurred in the middle of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's first term.

After a series of special elections, Democrats entered the election with a 53–42 majority, which they expanded to 56–39 after the elections.

This is one of five elections since 1914 in which the president's party gained Senate seats but lost House seats, something that would be repeated by Democrats in 1962 and 2022 and by Republicans in 1970 and 2018. This was the last time until 2022 that no incumbent senator lost reelection in a general election, although two lost in party primaries. This was also the first of three times in American history that the opposition party failed to flip any Senate seats, along with 1934 and 2022.Warnock Win Seals Perfect 2022 for Senators Seeking Re-election, Bloomberg Law, December 7, 2022

Gains, losses, and holds Retirements Four Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. One Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term.

StateSenatorReplaced by Alabama California Georgia (special) Kentucky Louisiana New York Ohio Wisconsin Defeats

Primary elections Two Republicans sought re-election but lost renomination in their primary elections. StateSenatorReplaced by Kansas South Dakota

Deaths One Democrat died on August 8, 1913, and his seat remained vacant until a May 11, 1914 special election.

StateSenatorReplaced by Alabama (special)

Post-election changes One Democrat died during the 64th Congress and was replaced by a Democratic appointee.

StateSenatorReplaced by Indiana(Class 3) Maine(Class 2)

Change in composition

Before the elections

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D Majority → D R R R R P D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Elections results D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D Majority → D R P D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Beginning of the next Congress D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D Majority → D R R D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Key D Democratic P Progressive R Republican V Vacant

Summary of races

Special elections during the 63rd Congress In these special elections, the winners were seated once elected and qualified; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Alabama(Class 3) Vacant Joseph F. Johnston (D) died August 8, 1913.New senator elected May 11, 1914.Democratic hold. Georgia(Class 2) William West Democratic 1914 Appointee retired.New senator elected November 3, 1914.Democratic hold. Kentucky(Class 3) Johnson N. Camden Jr. Democratic 1914 Interim appointee elected November 3, 1914.Winner did not run for the next term, see below.

Races leading to the 64th Congress In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1915; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Alabama Frank White Democratic 1914 Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic hold. Arizona Marcus A. Smith Democratic 1912 Incumbent re-elected. Arkansas James P. Clarke Democratic 19031909 Incumbent re-elected. California George C. Perkins Republican 1893 1895 189719031909 Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic gain. Colorado Charles S. Thomas Democratic 1913 Incumbent re-elected. Connecticut Frank B. Brandegee Republican 1905 1909 Incumbent re-elected. Florida Duncan U. Fletcher Democratic 1909 1909 Incumbent re-elected. Georgia Hoke Smith Democratic 1911 Incumbent re-elected. Idaho James H. Brady Republican 1913 Incumbent re-elected. Illinois Lawrence Y. Sherman Republican 1913 Incumbent re-elected. Indiana Benjamin F. Shively Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected. Iowa Albert B. Cummins Republican 1908 Incumbent re-elected. Kansas Joseph L. Bristow Republican 1909 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Republican hold. Kentucky Johnson N. Camden Jr. Democratic 1914 1914 Interim appointee retired.New senator elected.Democratic hold. Louisiana John Thornton Democratic 1910 Incumbent retired.New senator had already been elected early May 21, 1912.Democratic hold. Maryland John W. Smith Democratic 1908 1908 Incumbent re-elected. Missouri William J. Stone Democratic 19031909 Incumbent re-elected. Nevada Francis G. Newlands Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected. New Hampshire Jacob Gallinger Republican 1891189719031909 Incumbent re-elected. New York Elihu Root Republican 1909 Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Republican hold. North Carolina Lee S. Overman Democratic 19031909 Incumbent re-elected. North Dakota Asle Gronna Republican 1911 Incumbent re-elected. Ohio Theodore E. Burton Republican 1909 Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Republican hold. Oklahoma Thomas Gore Democratic 1907 1909 Incumbent re-elected. Oregon George E. Chamberlain Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected. Pennsylvania Boies Penrose Republican 189719031909 Incumbent re-elected. South Carolina Ellison D. Smith Democratic 1909 Incumbent re-elected. South Dakota Coe I. Crawford Republican 1909 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Democratic gain. Utah Reed Smoot Republican 19031909 Incumbent re-elected. Vermont William P. Dillingham Republican 1900 19021908 Incumbent re-elected. Washington Wesley L. Jones Republican 1909 Incumbent re-elected. Wisconsin Isaac Stephenson Republican 1907 1909 Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic gain.

Closest races Nineteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:

State Party of winner Margin Nevada Democratic 0.19% Wisconsin Democratic (flip) 0.31% Kansas Republican 0.77% Colorado Democratic 1.31% Illinois Republican 1.70% Utah Republican 2.75% California Democratic (flip) 2.78% South Dakota Democratic (flip) 3.85% New York Republican 4.98% Idaho Republican 5.75% New Hampshire Republican 7.03% Indiana Democratic 7.04% Maryland Democratic 7.10% Connecticut Republican 7.69% Missouri Democratic 8.83% Iowa Republican 9.03% Kentucky (regular) Democratic 9.36% Oregon Democratic 9.55% Ohio Republican 9.57%

Alabama

Alabama (special)

Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Joseph F. Johnston died August 8, 1913. Two appointees, Henry D. Clayton and Franklin P. Glass, were named to replace Johnston, but both faced challenges and were ultimately not seated. A special election was held to fill out the remaining months of Johnston's term. Attorney Frank White won the Democratic primary on April 6, 1914, and was elected unopposed in the special general election on May 11, 1914.

Alabama (regular)

White declined to run in the regular election for a full term. U.S. Representative Oscar Underwood, the House Majority Leader, won the Democratic primary over Representative Richmond P. Hobson. He then defeated Alex C. Birch, the Republican nominee, in the general election.

Arizona

Incumbent Democrat Marcus A. Smith was elected in 1912 with 50% of the vote and sought re-election. Although he easily defeated his primary challenger, he faced a large field of candidates in the general election. State Senator and trader Don Lorenzo Hubbell was the Republican nominee. Third-party candidates included Eugene W. Chafin of the Prohibition Party, who ran for president under the party's nomination, as well as Socialist Bert Davis and Progressive J. Bernard Nelson.

Smith received over half of the vote, defeating each candidate by a wide margin. He was elected to his second term.

Arkansas

California

Incumbent Republican George Clement Perkins was first elected in an 1895 special election and was re-elected for three more terms. He did not seek re-election.

U.S. Representative Joseph R. Knowland of Oakland was the Republican nominee for this seat in 1914. He was challenged by the Democratic nominee, former mayor of San Francisco James Duval Phelan, and Progressive nominee Francis J. Heney, the former attorney general of the Arizona Territory.

Phelan defeated Heney and Knowland by slim margins and with less than a third of the vote.

Colorado

Connecticut

Florida

Incumbent Democrat Duncan Fletcher was elected in a special election after being appointed when William Hall Milton retired after a year in office. He sought re-election to a full term, facing competition only in the primary.

Georgia

There were two elections due to the February 14, 1914, death of Democrat Augustus Octavius Bacon. It was the first time that both of Georgia's Senate seats have been up for election at the same time.

Georgia (special)

Democrat William West was appointed to continue the term pending a special election, in which he was not a candidate.

Democrat Thomas W. Hardwick was elected November 3, 1914, to finish the term that would end in 1919 and served until losing renomination in 1918.

Georgia (regular)

Democrat M. Hoke Smith, who had first won in a 1911 special election, was re-elected and would serve until his 1920 renomination loss.

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

There were two elections to the same seat due to the May 23, 1914, death of one-term Republican William O. Bradley.

Kentucky (special)

Democrat Johnson N. Camden was appointed June 16, 1914, to continue Bradley's term, pending a special election. He was challenged by U.S. Solicitor General William Marshall Bullitt.

Camden was elected in November to finish the term ending 1915.

Kentucky (regular)

Democratic appointee Johnson N. Camden was not a candidate for the next term, instead returning to agricultural activities on a farm.

In this race, two former governors of Kentucky fought for the seat. The Democratic nominee was John C. W. Beckham, who was sworn in after the assassination of William Goebel in 1900. The Republican nominee was Augustus E. Willson, who flipped the seat in 1907 after Beckham's term ended.

Beckham won the election, and would continue to serve until his re-election loss.

Louisiana

Senator Robert F. Broussard had already been elected on May 21, 1912, indirectly by the state legislature.

Maryland

Missouri

Nevada

New Hampshire

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Republican nominee Warren G. Harding, future President of the United States, defeated Democratic nominee Timothy S. Hogan to succeed retiring incumbent Republican Senator Theodore E. Burton.