The 1975 New Zealand general election was held on 29 November to elect MPs to the 38th session of the New Zealand Parliament. It was the first general election in New Zealand where 18- to 20-year-olds and all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected.

The National Party, led by Rob Muldoon, won 55 of the 87 seats over the Labour Party, led by Bill Rowling, in a landslide. The election saw the defeat of the Third Labour Government after only three years in office and the formation of the Third National Government. As of 2023, this is the most recent election where a government was voted out after one term.

Background The incumbent Labour Party's decline in popularity during the previous term had as factors the death of its leader, Norman Kirk, economic decline triggered by the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities—most importantly the European Economic Community (EEC)—and the 1973 oil crisis.

Following the sudden death of Labour leader Kirk, the party was led by Bill Rowling, a leader who was characterised as being weak and ineffectual by some political commentators. Labour's central campaign was the so-called "Citizens for Rowling" petition which attacked National leader Robert Muldoon's forthright leadership style. This campaign was largely seen as having backfired on Labour.

The National Party responded with the formation of "Rob's Mob". As former Minister of Finance in the previous National government, Muldoon focused on the economic impact of Labour's policies; National's campaign advertising suggested that Labour's recently introduced compulsory personal superannuation scheme would result in the government owning the New Zealand economy by using the worker's money, akin to a communist state. Muldoon argued that his New Zealand superannuation scheme could be funded from future taxes rather than an additional tax on current wages.

In July 1974, Muldoon as opposition leader had promised to cut immigration and to "get tough" on law and order issues. He criticised the Labour government's immigration policies for contributing to the economic recession and a housing shortage which undermined the New Zealand "way of life".

During the 1975 general elections, the National Party had also played an electoral advertisement that was later criticized for stoking negative racial sentiments about Polynesian migrants.

The campaign also achieved notoriety due to an infamous television commercial featuring "Dancing Cossacks", which was produced by Hanna Barbera on behalf of National's ad agency Colenso.

As a consummate orator and a skilled television performer, Muldoon's powerful presence on screen increased his popularity with voters.

MPs retiring in 1975 Four National MPs and Three Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 37th Parliament:

Party Name Electorate Term of office Date announced National Percy Allen Bay of Plenty before 20 August 1974 Logan Sloane Hobson 22 April 1974 Sir Jack Marshall Karori 20 December 1974 Douglas Carter Raglan 5 August 1974 Labour Norman Douglas Auckland Central 16 October 1974 Ethel McMillan Dunedin North 17 October 1974 Hugh Watt Onehunga 20 June 1975

Opinion polling

PollDateThese are the survey dates of the poll, or if the survey dates are not stated, the date the poll was released. National Labour Socred Values Lead 1975 election result 29 Nov 1975 47.59 39.56 7.43 5.19 8.03NRB Nov 1975 46 44 6 4 2TVNZ Heylen Nov 1975 44 43 7 5 1NRB Sep 1975 52 39 5 4 13TVNZ Heylen Sep 1975 51 42 5 3 9TVNZ Heylen Jul 1975 50 42 5 3 8NRB Jul 1975 51 40 5 4 11TVNZ Heylen May 1975 49 42 5 4 7NRB Mar 1975 46 42 6 6 4TVNZ Heylen Feb 1975 48 46 5 2 2NRB Nov 1974 44 44 7 4 TieTVNZ Heylen Sep 1974 45 47 5 3 2NRB Sep 1974 40 50 5 4 10N/A 31 August 1974 Death of Prime Minister Norman Kirk, Bill Rowling Becomes Prime MinisterNRB May 1974 44 44 5 5 TieNRB Nov 1973 44 47 6 1 3NRB May 1973 39 51 5 1 12 1972 election result 25 Nov 1972 41.50 48.37 6.65 1.96 6.87

Results

The final results saw National win 55 seats, and Labour 32 seats. The party seat numbers were an exact opposite of the 1972 election, when Labour won 55 seats to National's 32. This election also represented the biggest swing against a sitting government since 1935, outdoing the previous record set in 1972.

Robert Muldoon replaced Bill Rowling as Prime Minister, ending the term of the Third Labour government, and beginning the term of the Third National government. No minor parties won seats, though the election saw the best ever result for New Zealand's first green political party, Values. There were 1,953,050 electors on the roll, with 1,603,733 (82.11%) voting.

While Muldoon would be re-elected twice, this would be the only time between 1969 and 1990 that National polled more votes than Labour.

Notable electorate results included the election of two Māori MPs to general seats; the first time that any Māori had been elected to a non-Māori electorate since James Carroll in 1893. The MPs in question were Ben Couch in Wairarapa and Rex Austin in Awarua.

In and , Labour was first on election night but lost when special votes were counted.

Party Candidates Total votes Percentage Seats won Change 87763,13647.5955 +23 87634,45339.5632 -23 87119,1477.430 ±0 8783,2415.190 ±0Socialist Unity154080.030 ±0National Socialist1190.00- ±0 673,7560.230 ±0Total4151,603,73387

Votes summary

The table below shows the results of the 1975 general election:

Key

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates

Table footnotes:

Post-election events A number of local by-elections were required due to the resignations of incumbent local body politicians following the general election:

A by-election occurred for the Invercargill City Council after councillor Norman Jones resigned after being elected to parliament, prompting a by-election. Jones was replaced on the council by J. B. Munro, whom he defeated at the parliamentary election. There was a by-election for Mayor of Hamilton. Mayor Mike Minogue resigned after he was elected as MP for . The by-election was win by leader of the Social Credit Party, Bruce Beetham, who had contested in 1975.

Notes

References

External links Mr Nathan the National candidate for Island Bay below a defaced poster (photo)