Events Pre-1600 396 BC – The Temple of Juno Regina (Aventine) is dedicated in Rome by Marcus Furius Camillus. 1057 – Byzantine general Isaak Komnenos is crowned Byzantine Emperor by patriarch Cerularius at the Hagia Sophia. 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time the seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancona by the forces of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.Giuseppe Cannonieri, L'assedio di Ancona dell'anno 1174, Tipografia Niccolai 1848, FirenzeChiara Censi, Stamira. L'eroina di Ancona tra storia e leggenda, Ancona, edizioni laboratorio culturale di Ancona, 2004Paolo Grillo, Le guerre del Barbarossa, Laterza, Bari, 2014The History of the Siege of Ancona by Boncompagno da Signa 1181 – Election of pope Lucius III following the death of pope Alexander III in the previous month. 1271 – Election of pope Gregory X following the death of Clement IV three years prior. 1355 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki. 1449 – Tumu Crisis: The Mongols capture the Emperor of China. 1529 – The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by indigenous people. 1532 – Lady Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.
1601–1900 1604 – Adi Granth, now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs, is first installed at Harmandir Sahib. 1610 – Claudio Monteverdi's musical work Vespro della Beata Vergine (Vespers for the Blessed Virgin) is first published, printed in Venice and dedicated to Pope Paul V. 1644 – Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause. 1645 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanter forces abandon their month-long Siege of Hereford, a Cavalier stronghold, on news of Royalist victories in Scotland.Lipscombe, Nick. The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639–51. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020. p. 17 1715 – At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV. 1763 – Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow. 1772 – The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California. 1774 – Massachusetts Bay colonists rise up in the bloodless Powder Alarm. 1804 – 3 Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the Main Belt, is discovered by the German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding. 1831 – The Order of St. Gregory the Great is established by Pope Gregory XVI of the Vatican State to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a Roman Catholic. 1836 – Narcissa Whitman, one of the first English-speaking white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, Washington. 1838 – Saint Andrew's Scots School, the oldest school of British origin in South America, is established. 1859 – Carrington Event started - the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history. 1862 – American Civil War: Confederate forces under General Stonewall Jackson inflict heavy casualties in the Battle of Chantilly during the Union withdrawal from the Northern Virginia campaign. 1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Jonesborough, alongside the overall Atlanta campaign, culminates in a Union victory for General William T. Sherman as Confederate General John Bell Hood orders the evacuation of Atlanta. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Sedan is fought, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory. 1873 – Cetshwayo ascends to the throne as king of the Zulu nation following the death of his father Mpande. 1878 – Emma Nutt becomes the world's first female telephone operator when she is recruited by Alexander Graham Bell to the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company. 1880 – The army of Mohammad Ayub Khan is routed by the British at the Battle of Kandahar, ending the Second Anglo-Afghan War. 1894 – Over 400 people die in the Great Hinckley Fire, a forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota. 1897 – The Tremont Street Subway in Boston opens, becoming the first underground rapid transit system in North America.
1901–present 1923 – The Great Kantō Earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing about 105,000 people. 1939 – World War II: Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, beginning the European phase of World War II. 1939 – J. Robert Oppenheimer and his student Hartland Snyder publish the Oppenheimer–Snyder model, proving for the first time in contemporary physics how black holes could develop. 1944 – World War II: Launch of Operation Ratweek, complicating German retreat. 1961 – TWA Flight 529 crashes shortly after takeoff from Midway Airport in Chicago, killing all 78 people on board. At the time, it was the deadliest single plane disaster in U.S. history. 1967 – Six-Day War: The Khartoum Resolution is issued at the Arab Summit, and eight countries adopt the "three 'no's against Israel". 1969 – A coup in Libya brings Muammar Gaddafi to power. 1973 – A 76-hour multinational rescue effort in the Celtic Sea results in the rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman. 1974 – The SR-71 Blackbird sets (and holds) the record for flying from New York to London in the time of one hour, 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds at a speed of . 1981 – Central African President David Dacko is ousted from power in a bloodless military coup led by General André Kolingba. 1982 – The United States Air Force Space Command is founded. 1983 – Cold War: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down by a Soviet jet fighter after the commercial aircraft strayed into Soviet airspace, killing all 269 on board, including Congressman Lawrence McDonald. 1985 – The wreck of the Titanic is discovered by an American-French expedition led by Robert Ballard and Jean-Louis Michel. 2004 – The Beslan school siege begins when armed terrorists take schoolchildren and school staff hostage in North Ossetia, Russia; by the end of the siege, three days later, more than 385 people are dead (including hostages, other civilians, security personnel and terrorists). 2008 – Iraq War: The United States Armed Forces transfers control of Anbar Province to the Iraqi Armed Forces.
Births Pre-1600 948 – Jing Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (died 982) 1145 – Ibn Jubayr, Arab geographer and poet (died 1217) 1288 – Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (died 1335) 1341 – Frederick III the Simple, King of Sicily (died 1377) 1453 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general (died 1515) 1477 – Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (died 1525) 1561 – Gervase Helwys, English murderer (died 1615) 1566 – Edward Alleyn, English actor and major figure of the Elizabethan theatre; founder of Dulwich College and Alleyn's School (died 1626) 1577 – Scipione Borghese, Italian cardinal and art collector (died 1633) 1579 – John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop, Roman Catholic archbishop (died 1634) 1588 – Henri, Prince of Condé (died 1646) 1592 – Maria Angela Astorch, Spanish mystic and saint (died 1665)
1601–1900 1606 – Nicholas Slanning, English politician (died 1643) 1608 – Giacomo Torelli, Italian stage designer, engineer, and architect (died 1678) 1647 – Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (died 1717) 1653 – Johann Pachelbel, German organist, composer, and educator (died 1706) 1689 – Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, Bohemian architect, designed Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral (died 1751) 1711 – William IV, Prince of Orange (died 1751) 1726 – Johann Becker, German organist, composer, and educator (died 1803) 1795 – James Gordon Bennett Sr., American publisher, founded the New York Herald (died 1872) 1799 – Ferenc Gyulay, Hungarian-Austrian commander and politician (died 1868) 1811 – James Montgomrey, Leader and important benefactor of his home town of Brentford, England (died 1883) 1818 – José María Castro Madriz, Costa Rican lawyer and politician, 1st President of Costa Rica (died 1892) 1848 – Auguste Forel, Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, and psychiatrist (died 1931) 1849 – Emil Zuckerkandl, Hungarian anatomist (died 1910) 1850 – Jim O'Rourke, American baseball player and manager (died 1919) 1851 – John Clum, American journalist and agent (died 1932) 1853 – Aleksei Brusilov, Russian general (died 1926) 1854 – Engelbert Humperdinck, German playwright and composer (died 1921) 1855 – Innokenty Annensky, Russian poet and critic (died 1909) 1856 – Sergei Winogradsky, Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist and ecologist (died 1953) 1864 – Akashi Motojiro, Japanese general (died 1919) 1866 – James J. Corbett, American boxer (died 1933) 1867 – John Gretton, 1st Baron Gretton, English sailor and politician (died 1947) 1868 – Henri Bourassa, Canadian publisher and politician (died 1952) 1869 – Frank Elbridge Webb, American engineer and presidential candidate (died 1949) 1871 – J. Reuben Clark, American lawyer, civil servant, and religious leader (died 1961) 1873 – João Ferreira Sardo the founder of Gafanha da Nazaré (died 1925) 1875 – Edgar Rice Burroughs, American author (died 1950) 1876 – Harriet Shaw Weaver, English journalist and activist (died 1961) 1877 – Francis William Aston, English chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1945) 1877 – Rex Beach, American author, playwright, and water polo player (died 1949) 1878 – Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (died 1942) 1878 – J. F. C. Fuller, English general and historian (died 1966) 1878 – Tullio Serafin, Italian conductor and director (died 1968) 1883 – Didier Pitre, Canadian ice hockey player (died 1934) 1884 – Hilda Rix Nicholas, Australian artist (died 1961) 1884 – Sigurd Wallén, Swedish actor and director (died 1947) 1886 – Othmar Schoeck, Swiss composer and conductor (died 1957) 1886 – Shigeyasu Suzuki, Japanese general (died 1957) 1887 – Blaise Cendrars, Swiss author and poet (died 1961) 1888 – Andrija Štampar, Croatian physician (died 1958) 1892 – Leverett Saltonstall, American lieutenant and politician, 55th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1979) 1893 – Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Japanese-American painter and photographer (died 1953) 1895 – Engelbert Zaschka, German engineer and designer, invented the Human-powered aircraft (died 1955) 1896 – A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Indian religious leader, founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (died 1977) 1897 – Andy Kennedy, Irish footballer (died 1963) 1898 – Violet Carson, English actress and singer (died 1983) 1899 – Richard Arlen, American actor (died 1976)
1901–present 1902 – Kazimierz Dąbrowski, Polish psychiatrist and psychologist (died 1980) 1904 – Johnny Mack Brown, American football player and actor (died 1974) 1905 – Father Chrysanthus, Dutch arachnologist (died 1972) 1906 – Joaquín Balaguer, Dominican lawyer and politician, 49th President of the Dominican Republic (died 2002) 1906 – Eleanor Alice Burford (Jean Plaidy), English author (died 1993) 1907 – Walter Reuther, American labor union leader and president of the United Auto Workers (died 1970) 1908 – Amir Elahi, Pakistani cricketer (died 1980) 1908 – Lou Kenton, English social activist (died 2012) 1909 – E. Herbert Norman, Canadian historian and diplomat (died 1957) 1913 – Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter and illustrator (died 1979) 1914 – John H. Adams, American jockey (died 1995) 1916 – Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (died 2014) 1919 – Ossie Dawson, South African cricketer (died 2008) 1919 – Hilda Hänchen, German physicist and academic (died 2013) 1920 – Richard Farnsworth, American actor and stuntman (died 2000) 1921 – Willem Frederik Hermans, Dutch author, poet and playwright (died 1995) 1922 – Yvonne De Carlo, Canadian-American actress and singer (died 2007) 1922 – Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (died 2000)